Compare and Contrast Binary Fission vs. Mitosis

Binary fission, mitosis, and meiosis  are the main forms of cell division. Binary fission and mitosis are types of asexual reproduction in which the parent cell divides to form two identical daughter cells. Meiosis, on the other hand, is a form of sexual reproduction in which a cell divides its genetic material between the two daughter cells. The Main Difference Between Binary Fission and Mitosis While both binary fission and mitosis are types of cell division that duplicate cells, fission primarily occurs in prokaryotes (bacteria), while mitosis occurs in eukaryotes (e.g., plant and animal cells). Another way to look at it is that in binary fission cell that divide lack a nucleus, while in mitosis, the cell that divides does possess a nucleus. To get a better understanding of the processes, lets take a closer look at whats involved. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotes are simple cells that lack a nucleus and organelles. Their DNA consists of one or two circular chromosomes. Eukaryotes, in contrast, are complex cells that have a nucleus, organelles, and multiple linear chromosomes. In both types of cells, DNA is copied and separated to form new cells in an organized manner. In both types of cells, cytoplasm is divided to form daughter cells via the process of cytokinesis. In both processes, if everything goes as planned, the daughter cells contain an exact copy of the parent cells DNA. In bacterial cells, the process is simpler, making fission faster than mitosis. Because a bacterial cell is a complete organism, fission is a form of reproduction. While there are some single-celled eukaryotic organisms, mitosis is most often used for growth and repair rather than reproduction. While errors in replication in fission are a way to introduce genetic diversity in prokaryotes, errors in mitosis can cause serious problems in eukaryotes (e.g., cancer). Mitosis includes a checkpoint to make certain both copies of DNA are identical. Eukaryotes use meiosis and sexual reproduction to ensure genetic diversity. Binary Fission Steps While a bacterial cell lacks a nucleus, its genetic material is found within a special region of the cell called a nucleoid. Copying the round chromosome starts at a site called the origin of replication and moves in both directions, forming two replication sites. As the replication process progresses, the origins move apart and separate the chromosomes. The cell lengthens or elongates. There are different forms of binary fission: The cell can divide across the transverse (short) axis, the longitudinal (long) axis, at a slant, or in another direction (simple fission). Cytokinesis pulls the cytoplasm toward the chromosomes. When replication is complete, a dividing line—called a septum—forms, physically separating the cytoplasm of the cells. A cell wall then forms along the septum and the cell pinches in two, forming the daughter cells. While its easy to generalize and say binary fission only occurs in prokaryotes, this isnt exactly true. Certain organelles in eukaryotic cells, such as mitochondria, also divide by fission. Some eukaryotic cells can divide via fission. For example, algae and Sporozoa may divide via multiple fission in which several copies of a cell are made simultaneously. Mitosis Steps Mitosis is part of the cell cycle. The process is much more involved than fission, reflecting the complex nature of eukaryotic cells. There are five phases: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. The linear chromosomes replicate and condense early in mitosis, in prophase. In prometaphase, the nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintegrate. Fibers organize to form a structure called the mitotic spindle. Microtubules help align chromosomes on the spindle in metaphase. Molecular machinery checks the DNA to assure replicated chromosomes align toward the proper target cell. In anaphase, the spindle draws the two sets of chromosomes away from each other. In telophase, the spindles and chromosomes move to opposite sides of the cell, a nuclear membrane forms around each set of genetic material, cytokinesis splits the cytoplasm, and cell membrane separates the contents into two cells. The cell enters the non-dividing part of the cell cycle, which is called interphase. Binary Fission Versus Mitosis Cell division can be confusing, but similarities and differences between binary fission and mitosis can be summed up in one simple table: Binary Fission Mitosis Asexual reproduction in which one organism (cell) divides to form two daughter organisms. Asexual reproduction of cells, usually parts of complex organisms. Occurs in prokaryotes. Some protists and eukaryotic organelles divide via fission. Occurs in eukaryotes. Primary function is reproduction. Functions include reproduction, repair, and growth. A simple, rapid process. A complex process that requires more time than binary fission. No spindle apparatus is formed. DNA attaches to the cell membrane prior to division. A spindle apparatus is formed. DNA attaches to the spindle for division. DNA replication and separation occur at the same time. DNA replication is completed long before cell division. Not completely reliable. Daughter cells sometimes get unequal numbers of chromosomes. High fidelity replication in which chromosome number is maintained through a checkpoint at metaphase. Errors occur, but more rarely than in fission. Uses cytokinesis to divide cytoplasm. Uses cytokinesis to divide cytoplasm. Binary Fission vs. Mitosis: Key Takeaways Binary fission and mitosis are both forms of asexual reproduction in which a parent cell divides to form two identical daughter cells.Binary fission occurs primarily in prokaryotes (bacteria), while mitosis only occurs in eukaryotes (e.g., plant and animal cells).Binary fission is a simpler and faster process than mitosis.The third main form of cell division is meiosis. Meiosis only occurs in sex cells (gamete formation) and produces daughter cells with half of the chromosomes of the parent cell. Sources Carlson, B. M. Principals of Regenerative Biology. (p. 379) Elsevier Academic Press. 2007Maton, A.; Hopkins, J.J.; LaHart, S. Quon; Warner, D.; Wright, M.; Jill, D.  Cells: Building Blocks of Life. (pp. 70-74) Prentice-Hall. 1997

Rance Joyce Recruitment And Selection Unit 5 Assignment...

Job Interviewing Skills Joyce Rance GB546-1217 – 0203 – 01N Recruitment and Selection January 27, 2015 Professor Vincent Pellettiere Interview Sample I The first interview sample was taken from YouTube (2013), â€Å"Max Employment-Top 10 Job Interview Questions and Answers†. The job candidate in the video was interviewing for a Sales Administration position. The job that I selected from Indeed.com is – Inside Sales/Sales Coordinator, at Minnesota Rubber and Plastics, - Minneapolis HQ (quadion, n.d.). The job objective is to promptly respond to all customer inquiries, and to perform duties with tact and professionalism, manage all aspects of contract review, order processing, manage customer accounts, generate sales, participate†¦show more content†¦Also, the interviewer did not ask any questions to determine the interviewee’s behavior, her critical thinking, or how well, if at all, she worked in a team. Overall both, the interviewee and interviewer, would do well to brush-up on their interviewing skills. Interview Sample II The second interview from YouTube was, â€Å"Interview Techniques – Getting It Right†, published February 13, 2014. This was a panelist interview that consisted of a three-person panel, and the job position was for a customer representative. The job that I selected is from, traffictech.com, and is for a customer representative, who would be responsible for vendor relationship, with an outgoing personality, high-energy, great attitude, and a desire to work hard while having fun. During this interview process, the interviewee adequately answered the first round of interview questions and her answers did not appear to be rehearsed, but showed that she had prepared for the initial round of questions with ease with one panelist. However, when another of the panel members asked a question regarding teamwork, the interviewee drew a blank and could not provide an answer and simply said nothing until the panel member asked if the question should be repeated . The interviewer rephrased the question, and the interviewee was able to recover and answer the question and this time with ease. In this case of the interviewee, the best thing to have done would

Becoming a scuba instructor Free Essays

The life of a SCUBA instructor is something that people who have a passion for the water and the beach have imagined as ideal. In fact, it would be the perfect career for most because they think that it would mean spending the rest of one’s life on the beach, languishing under the warm tropical sun and taking a dive in the deep blue cold water. All of these benefits while enjoying a modest salary that allows for enjoyment of the other luxuries in life. We will write a custom essay sample on Becoming a scuba instructor or any similar topic only for you Order Now For those who become successful as SCUBA instructors, the benefits are even better. One can become a world class instructor who explores old wrecks underneath the ocean and even have their own diving schools. Yet these are all dreams and perceptions of what it is like to be a SCUBA instructor. Not everyone gets a chance to enjoy this life. In fact, it is quite difficult and challenging to become a full fledged SCUBA instructor. In order to become one, there is a series of tests and practical examinations that one needs to undergo. The step after that involves taking additional training to ensure that the licensure is complete. As one SCUBA instructor put it, â€Å"Everyone always imagines a life of relaxation. They always feel as if it is simply swimming once in a while and taking people down for fun dives while getting paid for it. † This is not always the case because it involves a major lifestyle and career change. This also means that there are added responsibilities. The first step in being a SCUBA instructor lies in being able to understand the risks and responsibilities that are involved as well as figuring out the first step that one needs to take to pursue this career. The profession of SCUBA instructor, as previously mentioned, is not an easy one. SCUBA instructor is more of a technical term but the actual role that one plays in most dive operations is one of a dive-master rather than a SCUBA instructor. The main bulk of SCUBA resort operations are taking people down for diving trips. Providing instructions to new divers or those who want to improve their skills is only a small part of the entire business. Therefore, for those who want to be SCUBA instructor professionals, training as a dive-master is also necessary. This has been labeled as one of the first disappointments or reality checks that an eager SCUBA instructor has to deal with. It is not so much about teaching students how to dive but also acting as an underwater guide to those who already know how to dive but merely want somebody to lead them and show them around the dive area. This leads to the first aspect that must be considered before pursuing a career as a SCUBA instructor; making sure that if the thought of diving at the same spot in shallow water is something that one will be able to do day in and day out. To ensure that this does not happen, it is usually recommended that SCUBA instructors or applicants find the written job description first and get the proper certification. This leads to higher job satisfaction. The reason for this is that it allows for more flexibility with regards to career. Under certain job descriptions, SCUBA instructors may be allowed to handle different classes in different sites depending on the size of the school. The pay grade is much higher, however, depending on the school and the lessons that are taught to the students. Another factor which affects the job pay is the experience that the instructor has which usually means that more experience leads to a better job and hence higher pay. This in return usually leads to a higher rate of job satisfaction. This job satisfaction, however, also requires certain additional qualifications that SCUBA instructors need to comply with. These requirements usually have to deal with the other tasks that a SCUBA instructor may be required to do. For example, most SCUBA instructors are required to have the basic knowledge on how to repair SCUBA gear. This means that the instructor must be proficient with not only one brand of SCUBA equipment but must also have the knowhow for the other brands. Another requirement that is becoming common among SCUBA instructors is the basic knowledge to pilot a boat. While this is definitely not included in the job description, it is necessary because a number of resort owners would like to save on costs by having one person perform multiple positions. This experience in navigating a boat also carries the additional requirement of nautical licensure and familiarity with the parts of boat from a 15’ skiff to a 48’ cruiser. This also means that while no expertise that is on a specialist level is required a certain level of proficiency with regard to the workings of these basic machines is needed. One of the main draws of being a professional SCUBA instructor is the fact that it allows the individual to live on an island. This is, however, also one of the biggest risks and sources of stress. The reason for this is that living on an island also means that one is isolated from a lot of things in life. From a professional standpoint, this means that when the other duties and requirements, such as those mentioned above, are required, one must be able to deal with those problems with the basic tools. Most dive locations do not have the specialists who can deal with the problem as soon as it happens. These shops are usually located on the main island and need to travel to reach the destination of the dive spot. This means that there is a lag time and any good SCUBA instructor must be able to deal with the events happening immediately. This job hazard is usually very stressful and sometimes even hazardous. The next problem is with regard to the personal life of a SCUBA instructor. Being isolated on dive resorts also means being isolated from members of the family or society. As some studies have shown, prolonged isolation usually leads to certain problems and may lead to greater dangers such as alcoholism which is very dangerous for a SCUBA instructor. Assignments on dive resorts can last for a span as short as six (6) months and extend to durations as long as six (6) years. Another aspect that a SCUBA instructor must deal with is in regard to interpersonal skills. One must remember that being a SCUBA instructor is not only showing people how to dive but also how one is able to teach. In this line, teaching entails that a person must also be able to communicate to the students just what exactly they must do. The most common problems that even experienced SCUBA instructors need to deal with are the fact that they have to teach people without offending them. Most vacationing divers are largely inexperienced and are not quite adept at even the most basic of diving regulations. In educating these people, it is necessary for the SCUBA instructor to be able to encourage them to learn more without putting them down. This is important because safety practices must always be observed before diving. Other problems with teaching also center on those who have been certified but are only taking their first dive. These are perhaps the most difficult bunch to instruct because they feel that they already know what to do. The self important attitude that most of these certified divers carry is a scary thing because they could always forget the basic safety regulations. As mentioned earlier, in diving, the most important thing is safety because there are a lot of hazards that a diver must deal with during the operation. This is more difficult considering the fact that certain countries have different diving regulations from others and these certified divers may feel that the SCUBA instructor is not an authority. The challenge here, therefore, lies in being able to deal with this people to ensure the safety of the group. Now that these basic requirements and training exercises have been elaborated on, it is also important to discuss the basic steps that one needs to undertake before becoming a SCUBA instructor. The most important step that one needs to take lies in certifying that one is in excellent medical condition. Due to the hazards that divers are exposed to at work, one must be physically fit to endure the rigors of diving. Specific requirements such as a current medical report including blood work, chest X-ray and physical fitness tests are necessary. There is also the matter of valid passport, work permits and of course certification to be a SCUBA instructor. The life of a SCUBA instructor is indeed a very promising one if one is able to carefully study and lay out their plan. As discussed previously, all the considerations such as proper training and expertise are very necessary. Individuals must be prepared for the tasks and responsibilities that the job requires. Aside from this there is also the matter of proper permits and interpersonal skills. One overlooked aspect of being a SCUBA instructor lies in understanding the difference between visiting and island the living on an island because these are two (2) very difficult things. Most people usually feel that living on an island is similar to visiting an island but these are not the same. The reason for this is because people must now deal with the living expenses in relation to the salary that they are provided. Most dive resort owners provide salary based on the cost of living scale of the location. As such, while it may seem that the SCUBA instructor is earning so much more than the locals, the conversion rate when compared to other countries may be much lower than average. This means that while one can live the life of a king on a tropical island, he or she may be a pauper in some other part of the world. To summarize, becoming a SCUBA instructor is not for everyone. While the lure of warm and sunny tropical beaches is definitely alluring, the fact that this is considered a job also means that there is work to be done. It is not all just fun and games. The positive side of this, however, is the fact that it really is much easier to do a job that one loves and enjoys. How to cite Becoming a scuba instructor, Papers

Marx and smith Essay Example For Students

Marx and smith Essay Karl Marx and Adam Smith wrote in the same time period during the industrial revolution, where the bourgeois had risen to power by oppressing and exploiting the proletariat. The term bourgeois refers to the people in the class of modern capitalists, owners of the means of social production and employers of wage labor. The proletarians are the people in the class of modern wage laborers who, having no means of production of their own, are reduced to selling their labor power in order to live. While Smith, in his Wealth of Nations, wrote in favor of capitalism, Marx, in his Communist Manifesto, was a harsh critic of the system and declared its inevitable destruction and consequent rise of the working class. According to Marx, history is a series of class struggles that rise and fall according to economic changes. Marx claimed that society has an economic base; economic changes force a consequent restructuring of society. For example, the thirteenth century in Europe saw the pinnacle an d the decline of the feudal system. Instead of personal military services Vassals began giving money to their lords as payments. The lords preferred these money payments because it allowed them to hire professional fighters who were better trained and more disciplined than their vassals. Wars were being won by professional men-at-arms and archers. The original feudal system of honor and loyalty was diluted into a financial relationship where the subjects pledged allegiance to the lords only for the duration of employment. This new temporary relation between warrior and lord, known as bastard feudalism, was the first step towards the division of labor as seen in the times of Adam Smith and Karl Marx. It marked the beginning of the progression from a feudal society to a capitalist one. The feudal system soon became inadequate and eventually gave way to capitalism. In his Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith celebrated capitalist society. The central thesis of The Wealth of Nations is that capital is best employed for the production and distribution of wealth under conditions of no governmental interference, or laissez-faire, and free trade. In Smiths view, the production and exchange of goods can be stimulated, and a consequent rise in the general standard of living attained, only through the efficient operations of private industrial and commercial entrepreneurs acting with a minimum of regulation and control by governments. To explain this concept of government maintaining a laissez-faire attitude toward commercial endeavors, Smith proclaimed the principle of the invisible hand: Every individual in pursuing his or her own good is led, as if by an invisible hand, to achieve the best good for all. Therefore any interference with free competition by government is almost certain to be injurious. The division of labor is another crucial component of cap italist society. According to Smith, division of labor benefits society in three ways:first, to the increase of dexterity in every particular workman; secondly, to the saving of the time which is commonly lost in passing from one species of work to another; and lastly, to the invention of a great number of machines which facilitate and abridge labour, and enable one man to do the work of many. (Smith, Wealth of Nations, p.6)By overproducing one good, one may trade or barter for other goods. In order to trade or barter with another person, one must appeal to that persons self-interest. Hence, self-interest stimulates society. Smith states that this self-interest is the basis of civilization. Although Marx does not disagree with division of labor, he does criticize the self-interest that motivates society. He proposes a society with strict governmental or state control over industry and production. Marx considered capitalism as another phase in the progression of society towards a bet ter economic structure, one without class struggle socialism. Marxs proposed socialist society, dubbed communism, would have only one class of people, the proletariat. He further explains that this socialist society will inevitably overcome capitalism because capitalism fosters its own downfall: What the bourgeoisie, therefore, produces, above all, is its own grave-diggers. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable. (Marx, The Communist Manifesto, p. 79)Furthermore, unlike uncivilized countries, civilized society capitalism has many people who do not work, for example, the bourgeoisie who consume more goods than those who labor. Yet Smith announces that there is enough for everyone. Marx disagrees:But in order to oppress a class, certain conditions must be assured to it under which it can, at least, continue its slavish existence The modern laborer instead of rising with the progress of industry, sinks deeper and deeper below the conditions of existence of his own class. He becomes a pauper, and pauperism develops more rapidly than population and wealth. And here it becomes evident that the bourgeoisie is unfit any longer to be the ruling class in society because it is incompetent to assure an existence to its slave the proletariat within his slavery. (Marx, The Communist Manifesto, p.77-8)Previous class struggles fell for different reasons than capitalism will fall. They grew inadequate for the changing economy and industry. Marx would argue that had these economic changes not occurred, these class struggles may have persisted until today. Capitalism, on the other hand, will undoubtedly fail because of contradictions in the system. Marx explains that the serfs, in the period of serfdom, were able to raise themselves to membership in the commune, much like the early bourgeois was able to develop into the modern bourgeois (of Marxs time) while under feudal absolutism. But, as the bourgeois rise, they further oppress the working class. The proposition of The Communist Manifesto is that the oppressed class, the proletariat, cannot truly free itself from the ruling class, the bourgeoisie, without at the same time freeing society at large from all exploitation, oppression, class distinctions and class struggles. The only solution from all class struggles in history is to have one class the proletariat. Marx makes it clear that capitalism has brought some benefits to society: The bourgeoisie, during its rule of scarcely one hundred years, has created more massive and more colossal productive forces than have all preceding generations together. (Marx, The Communist Manifesto, p. 66) Yet the effects that capitalism has on the relations between people is not worth the benefits it brought economically. Marx claims that capitalism has reduced professions of honor and reverence, such as the physician, the priest, and the scientist, to paid wage laborers. He condemns it for transforming every interaction amongst members of s ociety into purely money relations. He goes so far as to say that the family relation has been reduced to a money relation. Children have become instruments of labor and articles of commerce. Workers have become a commodity. They must sell themselves, their labor power, in order to exist. They live only so long as their labor increases capital. Furthermore, Marx favors the abolition of bourgeois private property. Although he recognizes that the ability to own property is a major element of personal freedom, he claims bourgeois private property is a symbol of the system of producing and appropriating products based on exploitation of the many by the few. This private property, which is wage-labor by workers, creates capital the kind of property that exploits the worker. The resulting communist society will set all people around the world as equals in a unified working class. The distinctions and advantages of physical strength and talents will disappear. Along with all these elements of oppression and abuse of the proletariat, Marx states three main factors that ensure the uprising of the proletariat and uprooting of the bourgeois. First, with the urbanization and centralization of workers that industry sparked, workers have been concentrated in greater masses in certain places where they have the ability to form unions to fight for their rights. Second, the improvements in communication brought by industry allow a worker to contact workers in other regions. Third, through political and general education, the bourgeois have provided the proletariat with the knowledge and leadership needed to revolt. Again, what the bourgeois produces above all are its own gravediggers.After reading Marxs adamant and insistent arguments in The Communist Manifesto, one must raise the question: why has capitalism survived thus far? Recent history, such as the collapse of the economy of the former U.S.S.R., has proven the impracticality and flaws of the communist system. Today, the most productive and wealthy countries are those with a capitalist system. The United States, for example, has thus far overcome the contradictions in the capitalist system fairly effectively. A major shortcoming of Marx was his misinterpretation of the influence of non-economic factors. His view is that the economic factor is basic. Once non-economic factors, such as constitutions, philosophical theories, religions, etc., have developed from the economic situation, they operate as individual forces. But all developments whether political or philosophical are based on economic developments. This clearly does not hold in the modern day. As demonstrated by nations such as the USA, non-economic factors may actually preserve or control the economy. Marx never seems to consider a regulated capitalist society where monopolies are banned, trade unions are common, and a minimum wage ensures workers a minimum salary. He failed to foresee a compromise between socialism and capitalism. Two of the ten points of communism that he lists in his book are actually implemented by many capitalist governments heavy, progressive income tax and free state education for children. Furthermore, Marx proposed to eliminate mental and physical superiority amongst workers by having only one class in society. As Charles Darwin would argue, this idea goes against the rules of nature. Nature is a survival of the fittest. By ignoring this fact, Marx intends to retard the process of evolution. The stronger and smarter members of society will be better off and will have offspring who will carry these traits. Gradually, but naturally, society will increase in aptitude and ability. In response to Marxs great disappointment with the capitalist society of his time, he constructed a society that was too extreme in its position. A complete uprooting of capitalist society does not seem feasible because of the advantages it offers many individuals. If Marx had proposed improvements of this society, he may have had more of a positive impact. Bibliography:The Portable Karl MarxWealth of Nations