Tourism In Africa Tourism Essay Essay Example

Tourism In Africa Tourism Essay Essay Many people have different positions as to whether touristry has more benefits than defects specifically in the African continent. Tourism can be seen as a concern and like any concern states will endeavor to do the client happy. When thought of touristry activity many people tend to believe that the primary factor is the the tourer But when seeking to bring forth income through touristry activity states tend to bury that there are other factors involved that either terminal up being neglected or exploited such as natural resources and even local occupants. This study will briefly discuss touristry activity in Africa and argue whether the advantages of touristry outweigh the disadvantages. We will write a custom essay sample on Tourism In Africa Tourism Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Tourism In Africa Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Tourism In Africa Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Tourism has become a lifting economic activity across the universe. It contributes to the economic system of many states and has countless advantages. Tourism has besides become an emerging activity in many parts of Africa and the continent is having international acknowledgment because of its many popular tourer finishs. Tourism has brought about great alteration in many African states that has resulted in economic growing. Although touristry has its defects, it can really hold a positive consequence on many peoples lives. Rogerson ( 2007, p.362 ) states that Tourism s potency for lending to economic and societal upliftment in Africa is highlighted by the New Partnership for Africa s Development ( NEPAD ) . The NEPAD Action Plan ( NEPAD, 2004:3 ) as cited by Rogerson ( 2007, p.362 ) states that Tourism is recognized as one of the sectors with the most possible to lend to the economic regeneration of the continent, peculiarly through the variegation of African economic systems, a nd coevals of foreign exchange net incomes Tourism growing in Africa is looking comfortable. Rogerson ( 2007 ) states that In 2005, international touristry reachings exceeded 800 million for the first clip, harmonizing to the United Nations World Tourism Organization ( UNWTO ) . The United Nations Environment Programme ( 2008 ) states that land-based touristry is a major economic activity in Africa as it draws 1000000s of visitants to different sites across the part every twelvemonth and bring forthing 1000000s of dollars in foreign exchange net incomes. African touristry as stated by Rogerson ( 2007, p.365 ) is dominated by the big four states which are Egypt, South Africa Tunisia and Morocco. The 2010 World Cup helped set South Africa on the map as a cardinal tourer finish and we saw many people utilizing their creativeness to get down new and alone concern ventures that helped make occupations and turn the economic system of the state. Tourism in the state grew to new highs and this has helped South Africa in a figure o f ways sing touristry activity. As touristry continues to turn this will shoot income into states, create occupations, lessening unemployment degrees and aid to develop 3rd universe states. Rogerson ( 2007, p.361 ) states that touristry activity in states such as Egypt is being compared to those of affluent states such as Europe and America. Tourism gives people who were antecedently unemployed an chance to bring forth income through different types of touristry activity. Many little concern ventures can be started in local communities where tourers can buy autochthonal keepsakes. This can make occupations and aid to bring forth income for local occupants and diminish the poorness degrees of African states. The World Bank ( 2006a, 2 ) as cited by Rogerson ( 2007 ) states To accomplish the aims of shared growing through touristry, an of import undertaking is the publicity of little to medium sized touristry endeavors, which represent 90 per cent of all touristry endeavors in Africa . Government functionaries who are responsible for touristry activity in their several African states can concentrate on guaranting that local concerns that have a sense of African genius are promoted in booklets that tourers get when looking for topographic points to see. Besides making positive chances and advancing growing in the African continent, touristry besides benefits the visitants. Visitors from abroad can larn the imposts and traditions of different African civilizations and can look up to the great diverseness of our land. Strong relationships between different civilizations can be built. It is hence important for local authoritiess to guarantee that they pay great attending to encompassing their cultural background alternatively of seeking to modernize it. As touristry activity in Africa continues to turn, international visitants can hold a more pleasant experience and this will give them all the ground to desire to come back. Although touristry has legion benefits it besides has its defects. Tourism can work natural resources and occupy the privateness of local occupants. While seeking to increase the figure of international tourers, local communities may abandon their imposts and traditions in order to aline their background with the outlooks of tourers. This will take to states losing their genuineness and will trail tourers off. The United Nations Environment Programme ( 2008 ) states that touristry s consequence on autochthonal peoples in Africa has been profound: with the eviction of communities from their lands, economic disruption, dislocation of traditional values, and environmental debasement. Ecotourism Parker and Khare ( 2005 ) province that Ecotourism promotes a sustainable method to gain gross through preservation and protection of resources by the communities that own them Through the preservation of natural resources communities can guarantee that they do non harm their environment and can besides pull tourers through this enterprise. Although ecotourism can be seen as a manner to advance touristry in a sustainable mode there are still a batch of conflicting thoughts sing this solution. Parker and Khare ( 2005 ) in their work province that Ecotourism is non a silver slug to relieve community adversities, and making a balanced endeavor that addresses widely changing stakeholder demands is non for the swoon hearted. Local populations environing a proposed site, community leaders, nearby small towns, politicians at the local, regional and even national degree are combined with ecotourists and investors, and all can hold viing thoughts of what the undertaking should accomplish . Ecotourism should non be implemented in states with merely the thought of seeking to increase tourer reachings as this could do great danger to the environment. Policies refering ecotourism should be created before it is implanted in any state. Tourism besides faces many challenges in Africa as many states are still far behind when it comes to tourism growing. Andebrhan ( 2009 ) states that the major challenges in touristry development in Africa are specifying the comparative functions of the private, local and foreign touristry spouses in development determinations on the continent, developing human resources and covering with jobs confronting local touristry industries in Africa that are characterized by a big figure of little and moderate-sized touristry endeavors. These jobs can be overcome if the community were to pass on with local authoritiess sing touristry in their land. Governments should negociate with the community members to guarantee that everyone benefits from this activity. Alternatively of concentrating on seeking to better the land by adding new substructure that will increase costs, the local authorities has to concentrate on heightening the autochthonal edifices that they already get. They should besides concentrate on local attractive forces as this is what tourists want to see. In footings of wars and political issues other states should acquire involved and negotiate with the conflicting states to come to a solution. When looking at all the information sing touristry one can clearly see how it has continued to turn in the African continent and how it has helped the economic system to spread out. Tourism is no longer regarded as merely a leisure activity but has become a major subscriber to economic growing. Furthermore it encourages local occupants to take pride in their traditions and physiques strong relationships between the locals and international visitants. Although there are a few downsides to tourism as like any economic activity, these deficits can be reduced through the creative activity of effectual policies and Torahs. If local authoritiess were to work together to make sustainable policies sing touristry growing and how to increase it so this activity would decidedly boom in old ages to come. In reasoning it can be said that in the African continent the advantages of touristry outweigh the negatives but more work has to set into touristry activity to guarantee that it remains so.

American Accent Training by Ann Cook

American Accent Training by Ann Cook American Accent Training by Ann Cook and published by Barrons provides a self-study course that is sure to improve any advanced level students pronunciation. This course includes a course book and five audio CDs. The book includes all the exercises, quiz material and reference material that are found on the audio CDs. In this way, learners follow their course by reading, listening and repeating materials that are oral in nature, but also provided in print. The course takes what is termed a pure-sound approach to learning standard American pronunciation. To put it simply, this course focuses on learning the music of English as it spoken in the USA. The stress-timed nature of English is put emphasized with correct intonation, stress, and liaison used to develop natural sounding speech patterns. These speech patterns are then combined with a specific vowel and consonant patterns in a connected speech in exercises which lead to improved, natural American sounding, pronunciation. Here is a rough overview of how American Accent Training is developed: Introduction to American IntonationThis section helps the learner become aware of the music of English as it is spoken in America. Students learn about intonation and liaison.Refining your pronunciation - specific pronunciation problems including various vowel and consonant sounds.Nationality Guides - these guides help specific nationalities with particular problems arising from their linguistic background. The nationality guides include:ChineseJapaneseSpanishIndianRussianFrenchGermanKoreanPeriodic diagnostic analysis and continuing review and expansion throughout the package A Nice Extra Feature For those studying American Accent Training on their own, a toll-free telephone tutoring number or the website at americanaccent.com provides a referral to a qualified telephone analyst. The diagnostic analysis is designed to evaluate your speech patterns to let you know where your accent is standard and nonstandard. American Accent Training is a wonderful package that will surely help those who really want to improve their pronunciation. It is very thorough, and although presented in a light-hearted manner, American Accent Training presents a serious tool for advanced English speakers and ESL students determined to learn to speak with an American accent. I would highly recommend this package only to learners who live, or want to live, in the United States or Canada. Furthermore, learners should also be advanced level readers to be able to truly take advantage of all this package has to offer. If you are a casual English learner, or interested in English for taking holidays or communicating with other non-native speakers, this package is probably too extensive for you. However, if you DO want to sound like an American, then this package is sure to provide you with all the tools you need.

Movie review topic Extinguishing the ecstasy of anger Essay

Movie review topic Extinguishing the ecstasy of anger - Essay Example Despite of the hardships, they still push through the objectives and the vision of their organization. The focus of the paper would be on the reasoning rendered by the review about The Interrupters. The main argument is related to the quality of the review and the supporting details would be used to verify the strength of the argument presented. Later on a conclusion would be made to prove that the supporting details really strengthened the argument. Roger Eberts said that â€Å"The Interrupters" is the closest thing to a real-life superhero origins story that any of us might ever experience. This film is exactly that: a superhero origins documentary. It might be the most powerful movie I have ever seen.† He wanted to convince the audience that the documentary movie was the greatest film ever as it reflected the heroic acts that can be compared to heroic deeds that are seen only on fantasies. Eberts concluded that people in the movie â€Å"identifies a problem, and seeks to fix it, with, or without any fanfare. The characters in our story are nothing more or less than what they are: humans with delicate hearts, seeking a few rays of hope.† The Interrupters is a good piece of a film as its quality is great catching the scenes that proves the existence and real impacts of the works of the organization CeaseFire. Their group may have some vigilante factor but the strength of their motivation adds help to the peace mai ntenance in their place. The movie The Interrupters shows the story about real-life superheroes as the characters in the movie are real people and not actors (Ebert Paragraph 1). They are captured while doing the real thing. Just like superheroes they face adversities even if danger is present and they risk their lives to save people. Dozens of Chicago killings rise and children are the usual victims. They are ignored and majority of people are busy on other events such as football games (Ebert

Urban Legends Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Urban Legends - Essay Example The lady of the house heartily denied that she had anything to do with the camera being lost, claiming her husband slipped and tossed the camera in to the Loch of his own accord. The issue was still unresolved at press time. The local sheriff’s office along with the fire department has issued an advisory - be extremely careful of what is put down drains and garbage disposals, as increasing reports are coming in of alligators coming out of the sewers. â€Å"I was just walking along Main Street, and there†¦he†¦she†¦it†¦was†, gasped 89 year old lifelong resident Gladys Pichers. Ms. Pichers, a longtime member of the local community, claims that she saw a six-foot alligator crawl out of the sewers. The sheriff’s department, though they were reluctant at first, soon received three more telephone calls about the problem of the reptilian sewer infestation. One woman, who spoke on condition of anonymity, has told the Outcry that she was accosted by an 8-foot alligator across town. Whether both women saw the same alligator or not was unclear as of press time. It is also unclear as to whether or not the alligators were local residents to begin with, or have travelled many miles to join us in our local community. While camping in the forests surrounding Mt. Ranier in Washington State, a local high school student has sworn in a signed affidavit to have seen Bigfoot roaming around in the woods as well. â€Å"He was, um†¦tall,† the student recalled, when pressed for details on the subject. â€Å"And kinda hairy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Further details will appear tonight on the six o’clock news, when the teen, along with his parents and his lawyer, as well as members of the sheriff’s department, will make a statement and reveal pictures that the teen took while on his expedition. No further searches are expected to take place from law enforcement for the ‘tall, kinda hairy’ Bigfoot. Phone

Differentiated Instruction Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Differentiated Instruction - Research Paper Example They can, therefore, assist in forming the basis on which professionalism exists, and work toward benefitting everyone. Many areas in the world today, need professional development. Professional development assists the organizations attain credibility and maintain a stand in the global market. This paper will examine one such area, and the implementations that help it get there. Professional development in the learning environment is an issue that affects many learning institutions, in present time. Teachers are a fundamental aspect in the learning sector. They form the basis by which many students and learners get the professional assistance they need. Teacher leaders are often looked for to bring order to the current learning environment. They work toward preparing everyone in and out of this environment on how to better themselves while learning. Their place in society dictates that their focus should be placed on both the learner, and their fellow teachers. In terms of educationa l activity, they are meant to steer the learning environment toward achieving the goals and objectives set (Bista & Glasman, 1998). It is this professionalism that promotes the learning environment into what the world expects to have. ... In order to have these objectives achieved, it is vital to know the task of teacher leaders in society, and the learning environment (Gregory, 2003). Their plans and ideas form the foundation on which interest groups relate with one another, and how well and fast they come together to achieve the common goal. One of the central purposes of the professional development plan is to bring out changes in how things operate. Learners need competent and effective teachers. Through the plan, the manner in which teachers are recruited, evaluated, and compensated will determine if learners get a competent and consistent teacher. This may form the grounds on which education facilitators reach out to their learners, and prepare them for the road ahead. This public sector needs to incorporate the learning environment to involve more people than just the learner and the teacher. By doing this, it is likely to have many other sectors replicate what is being done to better their current situations, and attain higher heights (Gregory, 2003). Another objective is to apply all the recommendations in a systematic manner. To do this, teacher leaders and all stakeholders must form a solid unit (Gonzalez & Lambert, 2001). It is not practical to have issues being implemented from every corner, and without caution to the repercussions. Teacher leaders should be more involved in the decision-making process. They must be present whenever decisions are being implemented. This is to agree or disagree with those that work, or do not work in their favor. If such an objective is achieved, teachers and all stakeholders can take accountability for all the actions that occur in the learning environment. This is with the decision-making

Copolymerization of Styrene and a Cyclic Peptide

Copolymerization of Styrene and a Cyclic Peptide Putting peptides into the backbone chain of polyolefins: the radical copolymerization of styrene and a cyclic peptide containing the disulfide bond Anja C. Paulya, Daniel Rentschb and Fabio di Lena*a. Supporting Information ABSTRACT: For the first time, a vinyl monomer such as styrene has been radically copolymerized with a cyclic peptide containing the disulfide bond. A new class of bio-hybrids is obtained in which the amino acid sequence is statistically distributed within the polymer’s backbone chain. The structure of the copolymer has been confirmed by means of conventional as well as diffusion-edited 1H NMR, MALDI FT-ICR mass spectrometry, FT-IR spectroscopy, TGA, DSC, and a series of control experiments. With the aim to combine the advantageous properties of biological macromolecules such as, for example, the biological function, molecular recognition, and chirality, with the solution properties, processability, etc. of synthetic macromolecules, polymer chemists have started to develop the so-called bio-hybrid polymers. Bioconjugates are the most studied class of bio-hybrids.1 These are block copolymers in which a protein, polysaccharide or nucleotide is chemically linked to a synthetic polymer such as a polyolefin, polyether or polyester. In this type of structures, the constituent blocks maintain their individual properties, which make them, in many ways, similar to polymer mixtures. At odds with block copolymers, statistical copolymers do not exhibit the characteristics of polymer mixtures but behave like homogeneous materials with peculiar physical and chemical properties. Here we report the preparation of a new class of bio-hybrids in which, much like in statistical copolymers, an amino acid sequence is incorporated directly into the backbone chain of a polyolefin like polystyrene. The polymers are prepared by the radical ring-opening copolymerization2of a cyclic peptide containing the disulfide (S-S) bond and styrene. Cycles containing the S-S bond are known to undergo radical copolymerization with vinyl monomers such as methyl acrylate, vinyl acetate, acrylonitrile and styrene.3 The driving force behind the research is our interest in finding new, simple and industrially friendly ways to turn commodity polymers into specialty polymers with high added value. To our knowledge, the only examples of polyolefins containing amino acids in the backbone chain have been prepared by Wagener and co-workers by means of acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET)4 polymerization of dienes containing a single amino acid residue conducted in the presence of a ruthenium carbene catalyst.5 The approach we describe here is metal-free, enables the incorporation of sequences of amino acids and employs radical polymerization, a process with which more than 50% of all the polymers produced worldwide are made. Scheme 1. Radical copolymerization of styrene with the cyclic tripeptide cCLC. Styrene and the cyclic peptide S1,S3-cyclo(L-cysteinyl-L-leucyl-L-cysteine), from now on referred to as cCLC (or CLC when ring-opened), were chosen as model monomers. They were reacted with a molar ratio of 94:6 in dimethyl sulfoxide Table 1. Polymerization conditions, yield, number average molecular weight, polydispersity index, degradation temperatures, glass transition temperatures and CLC content of the copolymers. Copolymer P1 P2 Styrene/cCLC/AIBNa) 94/6/5 molar ratio 94/6/2 molar ratio Yieldb) 40 % 43 % c) 2,500 5,400 PDIc) 1.79 1.64 Tdeg1 198 °C 215 °C Tdeg2 417 °C 419 °C Tg 66 °C 54 °C CLC contentd) 6 mol% mol% 1M in DMSO. After precipitation in water and dialysis in MeOH. Determination by SEC in THF on the basis of polystyrene calibration. Determination by comparison of the integrated peaks in the 1H-NMR spectra of the isopropyl unit in CLC and the phenyl unit in polystyrene. (DMSO) at 70  ºC for 12h with two different amounts of azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) affording the copolymers P1 and P2 (Scheme 1, Table 1). The copolymers were purified by precipitation in water and dialysis in methanol so as to remove, among the other possible impurities, unreacted cCLC and/or cCLC-derived by-products. The overall yield was equal to 40% for P1 and 43% for P2. When analysed by means of size exclusion chromatography (SEC), the copolymer P1, obtained by using a higher amount of AIBN, resulted to have a number average molecular weight () of 2,500 and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 1.79. On the other hand, P2, synthesized by using a smaller amount of AIBN, turned out to have a higher molecular weight () and a comparable PDI of 1.64 (Table 1). The SEC traces of both copolymers are shown in the Supporting Information (Figure S1). The signals in the 1H NMR spectra of P1 (Figure S2) and P2 (Figure 1A) could be assigned to both styrene and CLC units. On the one hand, the peaks at 0.87 ppm and 1.10 ppm, visible also in 1H NMR spectrum of unreacted cCLC (Figure S3), could be assigned to the iso-propyl residue of CLC. On the other hand, the two groups of peaks at 1.54 and 1.92 ppm, and at 6.55 and 7.05 ppm correspond to the aliphatic and the aromatic protons of polystyrene, respectively. The remaining proton signals of CLC could be assigned with a lower degree of confidence due to the overlapping signals of solvent and/or polystyrene. By comparing the area underneath the peak at 0.87 ppm relative to the iso-propyl group of CLC with the area underneath the peak around 7 ppm relative to the phenyl ring of styrene, it was calculated that the peptide makes up 6 mol% of copolymer P1 and 9 mol% of P2. A different degree of co-monomer incorporation is not odd if one considers that the composition, like other properties of a polymer, is function of the chain length up to a critical value that depends on the specific system. It is then reasonable to assume that such critical value for had not been reached in the present case. The topic has been extensively investigated and the interested reader is referred to the literature for details.6 In the diffusion-edited mode, in which the 1H NMR spectra were recorded applying a flow-compensated double-stimulated-echo with a gradient strength up to 40%,7 a similar set of signals were found for the styrene and CLC units (Figure 1B and S2). By exploiting the fact that the translational diffusion in solution is size-dependent, the diffusion-edited NMR is able to discriminate between signals relative to low and high molecular weight species.8 Since only the solvent signals disappeared, the NMR data are a strong indication that the peptide is incorporated into polystyrene rather than forming a physical blend with it. It is worth noting that the diffusion-edited NMR is not quantitative and thus the molar composition of the copolymers could be determined only from the conventional 1H-NMR spectra. The analysis by MALDI FT-ICR mass spectrometry9 substantiates these conclusions. A mass distribution (Figure 2) that accurately matches that of monocharged polystyrene chains each containing one CLC moiety and AIBN-derived isobutyronitrile groups as both ÃŽ ± and ω-chain ends was indeed obtained. Figure 1. 1H-NMR spectra of the copolymer P2 (A), 1H-diffusion edited 1H-NMR spectra of the copolymer P2 with gradient strength of 40% (B) in THF-d8, and the corresponding chemical structure (C). The results of all the other analytical techniques used to characterize the copolymers are in line with what found above. In the FT-IR spectra, for example, signals belonging to both styrene and amino acid moieties could be detected (Figure 3), which are: (i) the bands at 1735 cm-1 (carboxylic group) and 1654 cm-1 (amide group) of CLC, which are also present in the FT-IR spectrum of unreacted cCLC; and (ii) the signals of the aromatic carbon-carbon bonds (1492 and 1452 cm-1) and carbon-proton bond of the phenyl rings (736 and 696 cm-1) of Figure 2. MALDI FT-ICR spectrum of the copolymer P2 in the positive mode (A), the magnification of the spectrum in the mass range 4600 – 5000 with the comparison of the theoretical and observed m/z (B), and the corresponding chemical structure (C). polystyrene. Furthermore, two distinct mass losses, one around 200  ºC and the other at 417  ºC, can be seen in the thermogravimetric (TGA) traces of the copolymers P1 and P2 (Table 1). By direct comparison with the TGA of the constituting materials, which show a mass loss at 208  °C for unreacted cCLC and one at 418  °C for pristine polystyrene, the two steps observed in the TGA of both copolymers could be assigned to the degradation of the CLC and styrene units, respectively (Figure S4). The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermogram of P1 displayed a glass transition occurring around 66  ºC, which is identical to the glass transition temperature (Tg) of a polystyrene of prepared in our lab (66  ºC). Therefore, the amount of CLC incorporated in the polymer turned out to be too low to produce a measurable effect on the glass transition. In contrast, the amount of CLC in the copolymer P2 turned out to be sufficient to produce a change in the glass transition temp erature, which was measured to be 54  ºC (Table 1). This is significantly lower than Tg of polystyrenes with (75  ºC) and (89  ºC) prepared in our lab. The DSC scans of the two copolymers P1 and P2 in comparison with polystyrenes with similar molecular weight are shown in Figure S5. The relatively high Tg of polystyrene is classically rationalized in terms of a reduced chain flexibility due to the bulky phenyl groups that hinder the rotation of the backbone’s carbon-carbon bonds. We surmise that CLC increases the chain flexibility by acting as a spacer between the styrene units, which results in the lowering of the glass transition temperature. It is worth noting that the Tg and the of (atactic) polystyrene are positively correlated up to , after which the Tg reaches a stationary value of ca. 108  ºC.10 Hence, the use of polymers with similar molecular weights is essential for comparing, meaningfully, the glass transition temperatures. In absence of cCLC, the polymerization of styrene under the same experimental conditions afforded polymers with in 76% yield and in 73% yield for the Figure 3. FT-IR spectra of the cyclic tripeptide cCLC, the copolymer P2 and Polystyrene. lower and higher amounts of AIBN, respectively. In both cases, the molecular weights and reaction yields for pristine polystyrene were higher than those of the relative copolymers. This is not surprising since disulfides are known to act as chain transfer agents in and to produce a certain retardation effect on radical polymerization.3 When the polymerization was repeated omitting the styrene from the reaction mixture, no polymer was obtained. Hence, cCLC, like other cyclic disulfides,2 does not homopolymerize in the presence of a radical initiator. This control experiment suggests that the peptide should not be blockily distributed along the polymer chain. Moreover, the possibility that the copolymer could be alternating is ruled out by the fact that the degree of peptide incorporation is well below 50 mol%. It is therefore reasonable to assume that both P1 and P2 are statistical copolymers of styrene and CLC. Peptides like cCLC are peculiar in that they bear unbound amine and carboxyl groups while being cyclic. This makes them and their copolymers either cationic or anionic or zwitterionic depending on the pH. Charge-bearing polymers are often reported as bioactive, e.g., hemostatic11 and/or antimicrobial12. Consequently, the class of materials here described might show bioactivity without containing intrinsically bioactive, amino acid sequences. Furthermore, apart from the specific functionalities, the peptide is likely to confer improved degradability on the polyolefin. Experiments in both directions are presently ongoing and will be the subject of another publication. In conclusion, we have shown that a peptide sequence can be incorporated into the backbone chain of a polyolefin via radical polymerization. Styrene and a cyclic tripeptide containing the disulfide bond were chosen as model monomers. Although cyclic disulfides are known to ring-open via the homolytic cleavage of the S-S bond in the presence of certain radicals, the result reported in this work is not trivial since the efficiency of such a reaction depends significantly on the disulfide used. Investigations are presently underway in order to explore the monomer scope, in terms of both the olefin and the peptide, the bioactivity and degradability of the copolymers, as well as the possibility to extend the process to reversible-deactivation radical polymerizations13 such as ATRP14. The preparation of a whole new range of functional and degradable materials is anticipated. ASSOCIATED CONTENT Supporting Information Detailed experimental procedures as well as spectroscopic, thermal and chromatographic data. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org. REFERENCES 1.Lutz, J.-F.; Bà ¶rner, H. G., Modern trends in polymer bioconjugates design. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2008, 33 (1), 1-39. 2.Sanda, F.; Endo, T., Radical ring-opening polymerization. J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem. 2001, 39, 265–276. 3.(a) Stockmayer, W. H.; Howard, R. O.; Clarke, J. T., Copolymerization of vinyl acetate with a cyclic disulfide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1953, 75 (7), 1756-1757; (b) Tobolsky, A. V.; Baysal, B., The Reaction between styrene and ring disulfides: copolymerization effected by the chain transfer reaction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1953, 75 (7), 1757-1757; (c) Suzuki, T.; Nambu, Y.; Endo, T., Radical copolymerization of lipoamide with vinyl monomers. Macromolecules 1990, 23, 1579-1582. 4.Baughman, T. W.; Wagener, K. B., Recent advances in ADMET polymerization. Adv. Polym. Sci. 2005, 176, 1-42. 5.Hopkins, T. E.; Pawlow, J. H.; Koren, D. L.; Deters, K. S.; Solivan, S. M.; Davis, J. A.; Gomez, F. J.; Wagener, K. B., Chiral polyolefins bearing amino acids. Macromolecules 2001, 34, 7920-7922. 6.(a) Mirabella Jr, F. M.; Barrall Ii, E. M.; Jordan, E. F., Jr.; Johnson, J. F., Copolymer composition as a function of molecular weight and the effect of conversion on this relationship. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1976, 20 (3), 581-589; (b) Mirabella Jr, F. M.; Barrall Ii, E. M., Determination of copolymer composition as a function of molecular weight by preparative gel permeation chromatography and comparison to the rapid stop-and-go gpc/ir method. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1976, 20 (4), 959-965; (c) Mirabella Jr, F. M., Monte Carlo simulation of copolymerization and compositional inhomogeneity of copolymers: comparison to experimental data. Polymer 1977, 18 (7), 705-711. 7.Jerschow, A.; Mà ¼ller, N., Suppression of convection artifacts in stimulated-echo diffusion experiments. Double-stimulated-echo experiments. J. Magn. Reson. 1997, 125 (2), 372-375. 8.(a) Chen, A.; Wu, D.; Johnson, C. S., Determination of Molecular Weight Distributions for Polymers by Diffusion-Ordered NMR. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117 (30), 7965-7970; (b) Lucas, L. H.; Larive, C. K., Measuring ligand-protein binding using NMR diffusion experiments. Concept. Magn. Reson. A 2004, 20A (1), 24-41. 9.Zhang, L.-K.; Rempel, D.; Pramanik, B. N.; Gross, M. L., Accurate mass measurements by Fourier transform mass spectrometry. Mass Spec. Rev. 2005, 24 (2), 286-309. 10.Claudy, P.; Là ©toffà ©, J. M.; Camberlain, Y.; Pascault, J. P., Glass transition of polystyrene versus molecular weight. Polym. Bull. 1983, 9 (4-5), 208-215. 11.di Lena, F., Hemostatic polymers: The concept, state of the art and perspectives. J. Mater. Chem. B 2014, 2 (23), 3567-3577. 12.Muà ±oz-Bonilla, A.; Fernà ¡ndez-Garcà ­a, M., Polymeric materials with antimicrobial activity. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2012, 37 (2), 281-339. 13.Shipp, D. A., Reversible-Deactivation Radical Polymerizations. Polym. Rev. 2011, 51 (2), 99-103. 14.Matyjaszewski, K.; Tsarevsky, N. V., Macromolecular engineering by atom transfer radical polymerization. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136 (18), 6513-6533. ToC 1

The Island Of Dr. Moreau Essay -- essays research papers

In 1896 H. G. Wells had the first edition of ' The Island of Dr. Moreau'; published. The book took place primarily on an island in the Pacific Ocean. On this island Dr. Moreau and his assistant ( Montgomery) performed dangerous, secret experiments on humans and animals. When Wells wrote this he knew nothing about DNA, cloning, or chromosomes but he did use his scientific imagination. Wells realized that society was beginning to rely on science too much in the late nineteenth century. He wrote this book to issue a stern warning for future societies against their own scientific advancements. He knew that just like his society others will want to quench their appetite for this tasty treat called vivisection or cloning. He knew that eventually the progress of society would lead to the all or nothing control of the evolutionary processes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This brings me to one of Wells' most important ideas that he wanted to tell his readers. That was the idea of vivisection or cloning of humans and animals. In todays world we are trying to control evolution by furthering our studies into cloning. He was right about his expectations of future societies and his ideas about how scientific advancements would affect our world. It was different because when this book was published it got horrific reviews for being too outlandish with its views on society. I think that if the book was published today it would be raved as a good warning for all the cloning scientists. Tod...